- Title
- High-bandwidth demodulation in MF-AFM: a Kalman filtering approach
- Creator
- Ruppert, Michael G.; Harcombe, David M.; Moheimani, S. O. Reza
- Relation
- IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics Vol. 21, Issue 6, p. 2705-2715
- Publisher Link
- http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TMECH.2016.2574640
- Publisher
- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
- Resource Type
- journal article
- Date
- 2016
- Description
- Emerging multifrequency atomic force microscopy (MF-AFM) methods rely on coherent demodulation of the cantilever deflection signal at multiple frequencies. These measurements are needed in order to close the z-axis feedback loop and to acquire complementary information on the tip-sample interaction. While the common method is to use a lock-in amplifier capable of recovering low-level signals from noisy backgrounds, its performance is ultimately bounded by the bandwidth of low-pass filters. In light of the demand for constantly increasing imaging speeds while providing multifrequency flexibility, we propose to estimate the in-phase and quadrature components with a linear time-varying Kalman filter. The chosen representation allows for an efficient high-bandwidth implementation on a field programmable gate array. Tracking bandwidth and noise performance are verified experimentally, and trimodal AFM results on a two-component polymer sample highlight the applicability of the proposed method for MF-AFM.
- Subject
- field programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation; Kalman filter; multifrequency atomic forcemicroscopy (MF-AFM); state estimation
- Identifier
- http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1340202
- Identifier
- uon:28415
- Identifier
- ISSN:1083-4435
- Rights
- © 2016 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.
- Language
- eng
- Full Text
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